Top-Level Domain (TLD) - Revision history

Parvej Husen Talukder: /* Types of TLDs */

2024-12-13T17:53:53Z

Types of TLDs

Parvej Husen Talukder at 17:53, 13 December 2024

2024-12-13T17:53:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:53, 13 December 2024
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	== Types of TLDs ==		== Types of TLDs ==
	TLDs are classified into several categories:		TLDs are classified into several categories:
			* '''Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)''':
	* '''Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)''':		* These include commonly recognized domains, such as:
	* These include commonly recognized domains, such as:		* '''.com''': Commercial entities
	* '''.com''': Commercial entities		* '''.org''': Nonprofit organizations
	* '''.org''': Nonprofit organizations		* '''.net''': Network services
	* '''.net''': Network services
	* Other gTLDs introduced recently include domains like '''.tech''', '''.xyz''', and '''.store'''.		* Other gTLDs introduced recently include domains like '''.tech''', '''.xyz''', and '''.store'''.
			* '''Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)''':
	* '''Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)''':		* Two-letter TLDs assigned to specific countries or territories, such as:
	* Two-letter TLDs assigned to specific countries or territories, such as:		* '''.uk''': [[United Kingdom]]
	* '''.uk''': [[United Kingdom]]		* '''.jp''': [[Japan]]
	* '''.jp''': [[Japan]]		* '''.in''': [[India]]
	* '''.in''': [[India]]
	* Many ccTLDs are also used creatively for branding purposes (e.g., '''.io''' for technology companies).		* Many ccTLDs are also used creatively for branding purposes (e.g., '''.io''' for technology companies).
			* '''Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs)''':
	* '''Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs)''':		* Managed by private organizations with specific requirements or restrictions, such as:
	* Managed by private organizations with specific requirements or restrictions, such as:		* '''.edu''': Educational institutions
	* '''.edu''': Educational institutions		* '''.gov''': U.S. government entities
	* '''.gov''': U.S. government entities		* '''.mil''': U.S. military organizations
	* '''.mil''': U.S. military organizations		* '''Infrastructure Top-Level Domain''':

	* '''Infrastructure Top-Level Domain''':
	* Currently limited to the '''.arpa''' domain, used for technical infrastructure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=IANA - .arpa \|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/arpa \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=IANA}}</ref>		* Currently limited to the '''.arpa''' domain, used for technical infrastructure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=IANA - .arpa \|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/arpa \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=IANA}}</ref>

	== Management and Administration ==		== Management and Administration ==
	* TLDs are managed by the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) under the oversight of [[ICANN]] (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).		* TLDs are managed by the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) under the oversight of [[ICANN]] (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).
	* Registries such as [[Verisign]] manage specific TLDs (e.g., '''.com''' and '''.net''').		* Registries such as [[Verisign]] manage specific TLDs (e.g., '''.com''' and '''.net''').
	* Registrars are authorized entities where users can register domain names under TLDs.		* Registrars are authorized entities where users can register domain names under TLDs.

	== Role in DNS ==		== Role in DNS ==
	* TLDs form the highest level in the hierarchical structure of the Domain Name System.		* TLDs form the highest level in the hierarchical structure of the Domain Name System.
	* They are an essential component of domain names and help direct internet traffic to the correct servers.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Understanding DNS \|url=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/dns-server-types/ \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=Cloudflare}}</ref>		* They are an essential component of domain names and help direct internet traffic to the correct servers.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Understanding DNS \|url=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/dns-server-types/ \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=Cloudflare}}</ref>

	== Security ==		== Security ==
	* '''DNSSEC''' (Domain Name System Security Extensions): Adds a layer of security to DNS by authenticating responses.		* '''DNSSEC''' (Domain Name System Security Extensions): Adds a layer of security to DNS by authenticating responses.
	* '''DNS Spoofing''' and '''Cache Poisoning''': Common security threats that redirect users to malicious websites.		* '''DNS Spoofing''' and '''Cache Poisoning''': Common security threats that redirect users to malicious websites.

	== Controversies ==		== Controversies ==
	* The introduction of new gTLDs by ICANN in 2012 sparked debates about internet fragmentation and brand protection.		* The introduction of new gTLDs by ICANN in 2012 sparked debates about internet fragmentation and brand protection.
	* High fees and competition for premium TLDs have raised concerns among small businesses and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ICANN's New gTLD Program \|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/new-gtlds \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=ICANN}}</ref>		* High fees and competition for premium TLDs have raised concerns among small businesses and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ICANN's New gTLD Program \|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/new-gtlds \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=ICANN}}</ref>

	== Examples of Popular TLDs ==		== Examples of Popular TLDs ==
	* '''.com''': Widely used for commercial and general purposes.		* '''.com''': Widely used for commercial and general purposes.
	* '''.org''': Preferred by nonprofits and organizations.		* '''.org''': Preferred by nonprofits and organizations.
	* '''.net''': Common among technology and network-related businesses.		* '''.net''': Common among technology and network-related businesses.
	* '''.edu''': Used by accredited educational institutions.		* '''.edu''': Used by accredited educational institutions.
	* '''.gov''': Restricted to U.S. government entities.		* '''.gov''': Restricted to U.S. government entities.

	== See Also ==		== See Also ==
	* [[Domain Name System (DNS)]]		* [[Domain Name System (DNS)]]
	* [[ICANN]]		* [[ICANN]]
	* [[Domain Name]]		* [[Domain Name]]
	* [[DNSSEC]]		* [[DNSSEC]]

	== References ==		== References ==
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	== External Links ==		== External Links ==
	* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db IANA - Root Zone Database]		* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db IANA - Root Zone Database]
	* [https://www.icann.org/resources ICANN - Internet Resources]		* [https://www.icann.org/resources ICANN - Internet Resources]

	[[Category:Domain Name System]]		[[Category:Domain Name System]]

Parvej Husen Talukder: Created page with "'''Top-Level Domain''' ('''TLD''') refers to the last segment of a domain name, located after the final dot, in the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. TLDs are used to categorize domain names based on their purpose, location, or organization type.{{Cite web |title=What is a Top-Level Domain? |url=https://www.verisign.com/en_US/domain-names/tld/index.xhtml |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Verisign}} == Types of TLDs == TLDs are classifi..."

2024-12-13T17:51:59Z

Created page with "'''Top-Level Domain''' ('''TLD''') refers to the last segment of a domain name, located after the final dot, in the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. TLDs are used to categorize domain names based on their purpose, location, or organization type.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Top-Level Domain? |url=https://www.verisign.com/en_US/domain-names/tld/index.xhtml |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Verisign}}</ref> == Types of TLDs == TLDs are classifi..."

New page

'''Top-Level Domain''' ('''TLD''') refers to the last segment of a domain name, located after the final dot, in the hierarchical [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) of the Internet. TLDs are used to categorize domain names based on their purpose, location, or organization type.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Top-Level Domain? |url=https://www.verisign.com/en_US/domain-names/tld/index.xhtml |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Verisign}}</ref>

== Types of TLDs ==
TLDs are classified into several categories:

* '''Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)''':
* These include commonly recognized domains, such as:
* '''.com''': Commercial entities
* '''.org''': Nonprofit organizations
* '''.net''': Network services
* Other gTLDs introduced recently include domains like '''.tech''', '''.xyz''', and '''.store'''.

* '''Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)''':
* Two-letter TLDs assigned to specific countries or territories, such as:
* '''.uk''': [[United Kingdom]]
* '''.jp''': [[Japan]]
* '''.in''': [[India]]
* Many ccTLDs are also used creatively for branding purposes (e.g., '''.io''' for technology companies).

* '''Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs)''':
* Managed by private organizations with specific requirements or restrictions, such as:
* '''.edu''': Educational institutions
* '''.gov''': U.S. government entities
* '''.mil''': U.S. military organizations

* '''Infrastructure Top-Level Domain''':
* Currently limited to the '''.arpa''' domain, used for technical infrastructure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IANA - .arpa |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/arpa |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IANA}}</ref>

== Management and Administration ==
* TLDs are managed by the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) under the oversight of [[ICANN]] (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).
* Registries such as [[Verisign]] manage specific TLDs (e.g., '''.com''' and '''.net''').
* Registrars are authorized entities where users can register domain names under TLDs.

== Role in DNS ==
* TLDs form the highest level in the hierarchical structure of the Domain Name System.
* They are an essential component of domain names and help direct internet traffic to the correct servers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding DNS |url=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/dns-server-types/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Cloudflare}}</ref>

== Security ==
* '''DNSSEC''' (Domain Name System Security Extensions): Adds a layer of security to DNS by authenticating responses.
* '''DNS Spoofing''' and '''Cache Poisoning''': Common security threats that redirect users to malicious websites.

== Controversies ==
* The introduction of new gTLDs by ICANN in 2012 sparked debates about internet fragmentation and brand protection.
* High fees and competition for premium TLDs have raised concerns among small businesses and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICANN's New gTLD Program |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/new-gtlds |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=ICANN}}</ref>

== Examples of Popular TLDs ==
* '''.com''': Widely used for commercial and general purposes.
* '''.org''': Preferred by nonprofits and organizations.
* '''.net''': Common among technology and network-related businesses.
* '''.edu''': Used by accredited educational institutions.
* '''.gov''': Restricted to U.S. government entities.

== See Also ==
* [[Domain Name System (DNS)]]
* [[ICANN]]
* [[Domain Name]]
* [[DNSSEC]]

== References ==
<references />

== External Links ==
* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db IANA - Root Zone Database]
* [https://www.icann.org/resources ICANN - Internet Resources]

[[Category:Domain Name System]]
[[Category:Internet architecture]]
[[Category:Top-level domains]]
{{SHORTDESC:Last segment of a domain name in the DNS hierarchy}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:53, 13 December 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	TLDs are classified into several categories:		TLDs are classified into several categories:
	* '''Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)''':		* '''Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)''':
	* These include commonly recognized domains, such as:		* These include commonly recognized domains, such as:
	* '''.com''': Commercial entities		* '''.com''': Commercial entities
	* '''.org''': Nonprofit organizations		* '''.org''': Nonprofit organizations
	* '''.net''': Network services		* '''.net''': Network services
	* Other gTLDs introduced recently include domains like '''.tech''', '''.xyz''', and '''.store'''.		* Other gTLDs introduced recently include domains like '''.tech''', '''.xyz''', and '''.store'''.
	* '''Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)''':		* '''Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)''':
	* Two-letter TLDs assigned to specific countries or territories, such as:		* Two-letter TLDs assigned to specific countries or territories, such as:
	* '''.uk''': [[United Kingdom]]		* '''.uk''': [[United Kingdom]]
	* '''.jp''': [[Japan]]		* '''.jp''': [[Japan]]
	* '''.in''': [[India]]		* '''.in''': [[India]]
	* Many ccTLDs are also used creatively for branding purposes (e.g., '''.io''' for technology companies).		* Many ccTLDs are also used creatively for branding purposes (e.g., '''.io''' for technology companies).
	* '''Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs)''':		* '''Sponsored Top-Level Domains (sTLDs)''':
	* Managed by private organizations with specific requirements or restrictions, such as:		* Managed by private organizations with specific requirements or restrictions, such as:
	* '''.edu''': Educational institutions		* '''.edu''': Educational institutions
	* '''.gov''': U.S. government entities		* '''.gov''': U.S. government entities
	* '''.mil''': U.S. military organizations		* '''.mil''': U.S. military organizations
	* '''Infrastructure Top-Level Domain''':		* '''Infrastructure Top-Level Domain''':
	* Currently limited to the '''.arpa''' domain, used for technical infrastructure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=IANA - .arpa \|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/arpa \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=IANA}}</ref>		* Currently limited to the '''.arpa''' domain, used for technical infrastructure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=IANA - .arpa \|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/arpa \|access-date=2024-12-13 \|website=IANA}}</ref>

	== Management and Administration ==		== Management and Administration ==